5. Diseases and Conditions of the Muscular System Atrophy:a = without, trophy= process of development (loss of muscle bulk due to lack of use or malnutrition) Contracture: contract/o=pull together, -ure= system (progressive flexion to point of immobility) Muscle spasm: sudden, severe contraction of muscle (muscle cramp) Muscle strain: overstretching of muscle due to physical overexertion Myalgia: my/o = muscle, algia = painful Myositis: myos/o = muscle, it is = inflammation Myopathy: my/o – muscle, pathy = disease Ataxia: a=without, tax/o = coordination, -ia = condition Bradykinesia: brady = slow, kines/o = movement, -ia=state or state (sign of Parkinson’s Disease)
6. Reflexes DTR: deep tendon reflexes Test for involuntary contraction of muscle Also used for testing neurological functioning (Thursday lecture) reflex arc
Editor's Notes
Takes 200 muscles to walk, 17 to smile, 43 to frownFleas can jump 130 times higher than their height. Human terms 6 ft. person jumping 780 feet in the airMuscle burn: not by fatigue, caused by build up of lactic acid in muscle fiberEye muscles contract 10,000 a dayGluteus maximus largest muscle (buttocks)A cat has 32 muscles in it’s earMasseter muscles (for chewing) strongest muscle can exert 200 lbs pressure on teethErector muscles attached to each hair follicle. When cold, muscle contracts, hair stands on end = goosebumpsLongest muscle name: musculuslevatorlabiisueriorisalaequenasi (top lip curl and nostrils flair)Why do we get weak and slow in age? Due to loss of muscle fibers, no mass. By age 50 down 10%, by 80 down 50%
Purpose of the muscular system is to produce movement of the body. Skeletal system provides support for muscles.Muscles get their names from their size (maximus, medius), location, original insertion, and their action (flexor, extensor)Skeletal muscle most abundant tissue in body and most adaptable. Weight training can double or triple muscle size, disuse can shrink muscles by 20% in 2 weeksMuscles are attached to bone by tendons.A bursa is a sac of (synovial) fluid to cushion movement when tendon rubs against the bone.For every movement, one muscle contracts (fibers get shorter) , while another extends (fibers get longer)
Muscul/o or my/o muscleBurs/o bursa (synovial fluid sac surrounding a tendon)Fasci/o fascia (connective tissue surrounding tendon and muscle)Tendin/o or ten/o tendon (connects muscle to bone) ligament: attaches bone to boneDuct/o bring, move (adduction and abduction)Vers/o to travel (eversion: travel out; inversion: travel in)Extens/o straighteningDelt/o deltoid (upper arm near shoulder)Extern/o outside Intern/o internalFlex/o bendingContract/o pull togetherNeur/o neuron (nerve)Fibr/o fiber (muscle)Vuls/o to tearContus/o bruising (contusion)Sarc/o connective tissueTax/o coordinationKines/o movementDys- bad, painfulHyper- more than normalHypo- less than normalBrady- slowTachy- fastAd- towardAb- away from-pathy disease-it is inflammation-rrhaphy suturing-ectomy surgical removal
Sternocleidomastoid= stern/o = breast bone; cleid/o = clavicle (collarbone); mast/o = breastbends head toward sternum and turns head to either sideTrapezius = raises shoulder, pulls shoulder blades (scapula) togetherDeltoid = raises arm, moves arm away from body (abduction)Pectoralis = chest, moves arm across chest (adduction)Biceps brachii= bends upper arm toward shoulder (flexion) and bends lower arm toward upper arm (flexion)Triceps brachii= straightens lower arm (extension)Obliques (abdominal) = bends upper body forward (flexion), rotates side of body, compresses side of body Rectus abdominis = bends upper body forward (compresses anterior abdominal wall) rectus means straightRectus femoris = bends upper leg toward abdomen (flexion) and straightens lower leg (extension)Vastuslateralis = bends upper leg (flexion) and straightens lower leg (extension)Tibialis anterior = bends foot up (dorsiflexion)Gastrocnemius = bends food downward (tip toe) (plantar flexion)Gluteus maximus= moves upper leg posteriorly and rotates laterallyHamstrings include biceps femoris, semitendinosus & semimembranosus = move upper leg posteriorly and bends the lower leg toward the bottocks (flexion)
